Why Bachelor of Social Science?
Everyone deserves to live life on their own terms. For Australians who are older and people living with disability, this isn’t always easy.
Navigating complex systems to get the right support is hard work and a daily reality for many. Person centred support teams are important allies. Getting to know a person’s unique needs and connecting them with the right resources to maintain their independence is vital work.
Our Bachelor of Social Science majoring in Ageing and Disability prepares you for a rewarding career in the human services, supporting individuals who are older and those living with disability to ensure their voices and wishes are central in all service and support discussions. Professionals in these sectors address social injustice and barriers to participation. Tackle complex issues creatively. Skilfully navigate major systems – like the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) and My Aged Care – ensuring individuals receive the right supports.
Graduate with the expertise to make a real difference.
Overview
Our Bachelor of Social Science majoring in Ageing and Disability equips you for a career with real purpose in the human services field. You’ll gain a deep understanding of the role of human services in enabling individuals who are older and those living with disability to gain and maintain independence and quality of life as well as contribute to society.
Learn how to compassionately assess the needs of individuals who are older and people living with disability so you can identify appropriate resources and supports. Discover how to effectively navigate and work with major systems, including the NDIS and My Aged Care, to ensure individuals receive the assistance and support they’re entitled to. Examine the unique challenges, issues and concerns relevant to these populations alongside key legislation and policies.
Sharpen your professional skills in our state-of-the-art social work and human service studios under the guidance of our experienced teaching staff. Gain crucial skills in designing and managing human services projects through a capstone course in your final year. You’ll also complete up to 560 hours of placement in a real human services organisation.
All of these experiences come together to ensure you’ll graduate with the expertise to thrive in your human services career.
You can also choose to study this program at our regional campuses in Mount Gambier and Whyalla.
Key features
Explore concepts of ageing, disability and diversity across the lifespan.- Build a strong understanding of the human services field focusing on ageing and disability, including core principles and theories.
- Develop high-level reflective and interpersonal communication skills.
- Study approaches to human service delivery and key intervention frameworks.
- Learn how to design and manage human service, ageing and disability projects.
- Gain hands-on experience through 560 hours of work placements in sector.
What you'll learn
Through the Bachelor of Social Science majoring in Ageing and Disability, you’ll explore key political, behavioural and social sciences concepts as they relate to aged care and disability services in Australia – and globally.
Investigate key principles, theories and approaches to human service delivery. Explore intervention frameworks. Examine relevant ethical issues and government policies. Debate how political contexts can influence human services. Explore the social and health models of ageing and disability and how these shape public perceptions, government policies and legislation.
You can broaden your knowledge through electives delivered in-person and online, including:
- Aboriginal Health: Culture, Community and Country
- Ageing and the Law: Elder Law and Policy
- Case Management for Consumer Directed Care in Disability and Aged Care
- Counselling Concepts
- Language and Identity.
Throughout your studies, you’ll spend time sharpening your professional communication skills in our human services studios, under the guidance of our experienced teaching staff. This will prepare you for the extensive hands-on placements you’ll complete in your final years.
In your capstone course, you’ll explore approaches to the design and management of human services projects, developing crucial skills to tackle real-world challenges.
This degree is also a pathway to Masters programs in Social Work, Human Services, Allied Health and Research.
Majors
The Bachelor of Social Science is also available with majors in the following:
What courses you'll study
Complete 144 units comprising:
- 84 units for all Core courses, and
- 24 to 30 units for one Major from Majors, and
- 24 units for all Work integrated learning, and
- 6 to 12 units for Electives
Complete 84 units for ALL of the following:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Course name
Governance and Citizenship in Australia
|
Course code
POLI1011
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Australian Social Policy
|
Course code
POLI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Group Work
|
Course code
PSYC1009
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Applied Psychology
|
Course code
PSYC1010
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Human Service Provision
|
Course code
SOCI1009
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Social Research Methods
|
Course code
SOCI2009
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Human Service Project Management
|
Course code
SOCI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK1001
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
The Social World
|
Course code
SOWK1002
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Human Service Intervention
|
Course code
SOWK2002
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Interviewing Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2003
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Mental Health and Mental Wellbeing
|
Course code
SOWK2004
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Aboriginal Australians and the Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2006
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Human Service Workers and the Law
|
Course code
SOWK2008
|
Units
6
|
Notes
1. Field Education consists of a total of 560 hours of supervised placement to be undertaken in two blocks of 280 hours during the third year and after completion of all second year courses. Students are advised that they will be required to attend field education placements generally but not exclusively during normal working hours in both teaching and non-teaching weeks, for between 2 and 5 days per week.
2. Students are required to undertake Criminal History Checks through the Department of Human Services (DHS) for working with Children, in the Aged Care Sector and in Disability Services; obtain a SAPOL National Police Record Check; completed a one-day Safe Environments for Children and Young People course; and the University's online module, Undertaking a Safe Student Placement. Some placements may also require students to hold a current driver's licence, a recognised First Aid Certificate or other requirements as requested by a specific placement provider.
3. The program is designed to graduate professional human service workers who can function effectively in demanding environments. It satisfies professional and employer requirements through its content and its assessment processes. Students are advised that the program does require consistent participation in a wide range of potentially challenging classroom, assessment and field activities.
4. Based on academic merit, graduates of this program will be eligible to apply for admission to the one year Bachelor of Arts (Honours) program.
5. Students who have completed the Bachelor of Social Science (Human Services) or Bachelor of Social Science (Ageing and Disability) program at Adelaide University will receive 24 units of credit on admission into the Master of Social Work.
6. The first and second years of the Bachelor of Social Science (Human Services) are in common with the Bachelor of Social Work. Transfer between awards is possible. Transfer before the end of second year ensures smooth transition to the third year program and avoids any problems in relation to field education and AASW field education requirements.
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
 |
Course name
Human Service Provision
|
Course code
SOCI1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK1001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social World
|
Course code
SOWK1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Language, Meaning and the Self
|
Course code
LING1002
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Group Work
|
Course code
PSYC1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Applied Psychology
|
Course code
PSYC1010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Governance and Citizenship in Australia
|
Course code
POLI1011
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Lifespan Development and Diversity
|
Course code
BIOL1015
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Australian Social Policy
|
Course code
POLI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Intervention
|
Course code
SOWK2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Interviewing Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Mental Health and Mental Wellbeing
|
Course code
SOWK2004
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Aboriginal Australians and the Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2006
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Workers and the Law
|
Course code
SOWK2008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social Construction of Ageing and Disability
|
Course code
SOCI2012
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement A
|
Course code
SOCI3901
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Social Research Methods
|
Course code
SOCI2009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ageing and Disability: Diversity and Discrimination
|
Course code
SOCI3013
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement B
|
Course code
SOCI3900
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Human Service Project Management
|
Course code
SOCI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
Complete 24 units for ALL of the following:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Course name
Lifespan Development and Diversity
|
Course code
BIOL1015
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
The Social Construction of Ageing and Disability
|
Course code
SOCI2012
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Ageing and Disability: Diversity and Discrimination
|
Course code
SOCI3013
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Language, Meaning and the Self
|
Course code
LING1002
|
Units
6
|
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Provision
|
Course code
SOCI1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK1001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social World
|
Course code
SOWK1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Language, Meaning and the Self
|
Course code
LING1002
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Group Work
|
Course code
PSYC1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Applied Psychology
|
Course code
PSYC1010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Governance and Citizenship in Australia
|
Course code
POLI1011
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Lifespan Development and Diversity
|
Course code
BIOL1015
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Australian Social Policy
|
Course code
POLI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Intervention
|
Course code
SOWK2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Interviewing Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Mental Health and Mental Wellbeing
|
Course code
SOWK2004
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Aboriginal Australians and the Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2006
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Workers and the Law
|
Course code
SOWK2008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social Construction of Ageing and Disability
|
Course code
SOCI2012
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement A
|
Course code
SOCI3901
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Social Research Methods
|
Course code
SOCI2009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ageing and Disability: Diversity and Discrimination
|
Course code
SOCI3013
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement B
|
Course code
SOCI3900
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Human Service Project Management
|
Course code
SOCI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
Complete 24 units for ALL of the following:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement A
|
Course code
SOCI3901
|
Units
12
|
|
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement B
|
Course code
SOCI3900
|
Units
12
|
Notes
1. Field Education consists of a total of 560 hours of supervised placement to be undertaken in two blocks of 280 hours during the third year and after completion of all second year courses. Students are advised that they will be required to attend field education placements generally but not exclusively during normal working hours in both teaching and non-teaching weeks, for between 2 and 5 days per week.
2. Students are required to undertake Criminal History Checks through the Department of Human Services (DHS) for working with Children, in the Aged Care Sector and in Disability Services; obtain a SAPOL National Police Record Check; completed a one-day Safe Environments for Children and Young People course; and the University's online module, Undertaking a Safe Student Placement. Some placements may also require students to hold a current driver's licence, a recognised First Aid Certificate or other requirements as requested by a specific placement provider.
3. The program is designed to graduate professional human service workers who can function effectively in demanding environments. It satisfies professional and employer requirements through its content and its assessment processes. Students are advised that the program does require consistent participation in a wide range of potentially challenging classroom, assessment and field activities.
4. Based on academic merit, graduates of this program will be eligible to apply for admission to the one year Bachelor of Arts (Honours) program.
5. Students who have completed the Bachelor of Social Science (Human Services) or Bachelor of Social Science (Ageing and Disability) program at Adelaide University will receive 24 units of credit on admission into the Master of Social Work.
6. The first and second years of the Bachelor of Social Science (Human Services) are in common with the Bachelor of Social Work. Transfer between awards is possible. Transfer before the end of second year ensures smooth transition to the third year program and avoids any problems in relation to field education and AASW field education requirements.
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Provision
|
Course code
SOCI1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK1001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social World
|
Course code
SOWK1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Language, Meaning and the Self
|
Course code
LING1002
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Group Work
|
Course code
PSYC1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Applied Psychology
|
Course code
PSYC1010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Governance and Citizenship in Australia
|
Course code
POLI1011
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Lifespan Development and Diversity
|
Course code
BIOL1015
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Australian Social Policy
|
Course code
POLI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Intervention
|
Course code
SOWK2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Interviewing Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Mental Health and Mental Wellbeing
|
Course code
SOWK2004
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Aboriginal Australians and the Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2006
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Workers and the Law
|
Course code
SOWK2008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social Construction of Ageing and Disability
|
Course code
SOCI2012
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement A
|
Course code
SOCI3901
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Social Research Methods
|
Course code
SOCI2009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ageing and Disability: Diversity and Discrimination
|
Course code
SOCI3013
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement B
|
Course code
SOCI3900
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Human Service Project Management
|
Course code
SOCI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
Complete 6 to 12 units for either of the following:
- 12 units from Program electives, or
- 6 units from University-wide electives
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Course name
Intercultural Communication
|
Course code
COMM1002
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Language and Identity
|
Course code
COMM2001
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Aboriginal Health: Culture, Community and Country
|
Course code
HLTH1017
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Ageing and the Law: Elder Law and Policy
|
Course code
LAWS2009
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Meaning, Context and Inference
|
Course code
LING1001
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Global Politics and Development
|
Course code
POLI1012
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
UO Counselling Concepts
|
Course code
SOCI1008
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
UO Ageing and Disability Friendly Environments
|
Course code
SOCI2011
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
UO Case Management for Consumer Directed Care in Disability and Aged Care
|
Course code
SOCI3036
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
UO Working with Community
|
Course code
SOWK2010
|
Units
6
|
Notes
1. Field Education consists of a total of 560 hours of supervised placement to be undertaken in two blocks of 280 hours during the third year and after completion of all second year courses. Students are advised that they will be required to attend field education placements generally but not exclusively during normal working hours in both teaching and non-teaching weeks, for between 2 and 5 days per week.
2. Students are required to undertake Criminal History Checks through the Department of Human Services (DHS) for working with Children, in the Aged Care Sector and in Disability Services; obtain a SAPOL National Police Record Check; completed a one-day Safe Environments for Children and Young People course; and the University's online module, Undertaking a Safe Student Placement. Some placements may also require students to hold a current driver's licence, a recognised First Aid Certificate or other requirements as requested by a specific placement provider.
3. The program is designed to graduate professional human service workers who can function effectively in demanding environments. It satisfies professional and employer requirements through its content and its assessment processes. Students are advised that the program does require consistent participation in a wide range of potentially challenging classroom, assessment and field activities.
4. Based on academic merit, graduates of this program will be eligible to apply for admission to the one year Bachelor of Arts (Honours) program.
5. Students who have completed the Bachelor of Social Science (Human Services) or Bachelor of Social Science (Ageing and Disability) program at Adelaide University will receive 24 units of credit on admission into the Master of Social Work.
6. The first and second years of the Bachelor of Social Science (Human Services) are in common with the Bachelor of Social Work. Transfer between awards is possible. Transfer before the end of second year ensures smooth transition to the third year program and avoids any problems in relation to field education and AASW field education requirements.
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Provision
|
Course code
SOCI1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK1001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social World
|
Course code
SOWK1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Language, Meaning and the Self
|
Course code
LING1002
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Group Work
|
Course code
PSYC1009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Applied Psychology
|
Course code
PSYC1010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Governance and Citizenship in Australia
|
Course code
POLI1011
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Lifespan Development and Diversity
|
Course code
BIOL1015
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Australian Social Policy
|
Course code
POLI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Intervention
|
Course code
SOWK2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Interviewing Skills in Social Work and Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Mental Health and Mental Wellbeing
|
Course code
SOWK2004
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Aboriginal Australians and the Human Services
|
Course code
SOWK2006
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Human Service Workers and the Law
|
Course code
SOWK2008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
The Social Construction of Ageing and Disability
|
Course code
SOCI2012
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement A
|
Course code
SOCI3901
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Social Research Methods
|
Course code
SOCI2009
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ageing and Disability: Diversity and Discrimination
|
Course code
SOCI3013
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Human Service Field Placement B
|
Course code
SOCI3900
|
Units
12
|
|
Course name
Human Service Project Management
|
Course code
SOCI2010
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
|
Course code
-
|
Units
6
|
Career outcomes
Human services workers connect people in need to the supports that facilitate them fully participate in their own lives and contribute to their communities. Human services roles vary depending on the specific needs of the individuals they support. Broadly speaking, they undertake assessments to understand an individuals unique support needs, aspirations and then connect them with relevant resources and services – empowering them to make informed decisions about their support.
You could work as a case manager, coordinating access to support services for individuals living with disabilities. Maybe you’ll take on a role as a community outreach worker, designing programs that enhance social connection for citizens who are older. Perhaps you’ll join a holistic care team in a rehabilitation clinic, assisting individuals transition from acute health systems to at-home community living.
You can pursue careers in many different sectors and contexts, including:
- Aged care facilities
- Advocacy groups
- Community organisations
- Disability service providers
- Healthcare facilities
- Residential care settings
- Schools and educational institutions
- Social services agencies
- Transitional housing programs
- Youth development programs.
Industry trends
We’re living longer than ever before. In fact, by 2066, older Australians will make up over 20% of the total population (AIHW, 2024). Likewise, 5.5 million Australians are living with disability (Carers Australia, 2023). These figures, combined with increased government funding and expansion of services in both the aged care and disability sectors, means the demand for qualified human services professionals has never been higher (Hall & Willcox, 2024).
There is a growing emphasis on personalised and consumer-driven services in both aged care and disability services. A greater prioritisation of individual needs and preferences, and the centring of client voices, is leading to more tailored and specialised service offerings. For clients of age care, this is reflected in the Australian Government’s Aged Care Act – which assists Australians who are older to regain and maintain their independence by accessing services at home. For people living with disability, there has been an increase in funding and services available through the NDIS (Hall & Willcox, 2024).
At Adelaide University, you’ll learn to deliver evidence-based, high-quality services and start your leadership journey in these growing sectors.
Accreditation
This program is accredited by Community Work Australia (CWA).
Graduates are eligible for membership of CWA.
Ready to apply?
Please note that a non-refundable application fee of AUD$150 applies for every application submitted to Adelaide University.
Your study experience and support
Adelaide University sets you up for success in your studies – and your social life. You’ll have access to work placement and internship opportunities, overseas study tours and exchanges, networking events with guest speakers and more. Our campuses are equipped with purpose-built facilities including lecture theatres, libraries, workshops, laboratories, and spaces that simulate real work environments. These are all supported by the latest technologies and a 24/7 online learning platform with personalised study information and resources.
You’ll have everything you need to live well and thrive during your studies, with health services on campus, gymnasiums, technology zones and modern student lounges. Get involved in campus sport or join our student clubs that will connect you to your passions – and the people who share them.
Adelaide also has a variety of accommodation options to suit your individual requirements and budget, with options ranging from dedicated student accommodation to private rentals. One of the world’s most liveable cities, Adelaide has lots of leafy parks, gardens and social hubs – and some of the highest living standards globally. No matter where you are in Adelaide, you’re only a short distance from beaches, vineyards, museums, art galleries, restaurants, bars and parklands. Visit the accommodation web page to find out more.
Student services
We’re here to support you on your student journey. Adelaide University offers a range of support services and facilities, including:
- Career advice and mentoring services
- Personal counselling
- LGBTQIA+ support
- Academic support
- Fees and finance help
- Security services
- Accommodation services
- Common rooms
- Prayer rooms.
You’ll also have unlimited access to our dedicated student support hub. Visit in-person or online, or contact our friendly team by phone. We can assist you with anything study-related including enrolment, identification cards, timetables, fees and more.
Your campus
You'll be studying at one of our renowned campuses, accessing cutting-edge facilities and contemporary study spaces.
Study hours
Your courses will require a combination of different learning formats, including lectures, tutorials, workshops, seminars and practicals. Aside from your classes, you’ll also need to allocate additional time for independent study. This may include assignments, readings, projects and contributing to online discussion forums. As a rough guide, full-time studies may require 12-26 hours of class time and 14-18 hours of independent study per week.
Assessment
During your studies at Adelaide University, you’ll complete a mixture of practical, professional and research-based learning. Your assessment types will vary depending on the degree you’re studying, but may include:
- Case studies
- Essays and assignments
- Examinations
- Group projects
- Internships and placements
- Practicals
- Presentations
- Reports and project documentations
- Research projects
- Workplace and classroom contributions.
