Balance computer science theory with practical application. Create the technology of tomorrow.
Focusing on the theoretical aspects of computing and software development, computer scientists implement and manage computer systems for large networks and organisations.
A promising future for Australia is driven by technological innovation and advancements in AI, machine learning and languages. Learn how to analyse data, protect against cyber threats and design applications fit for the future.
Gain the skills to play a crucial role in addressing complex computing challenges. Be prepared for a promising career in the evolving technology landscape with a degree from Adelaide University.
The Bachelor of Computer Science equips you with a strong foundation in essential knowledge and skills in the field of computer science.
Our degree has a broad focus, meaning you’ll study diverse courses including security, mathematics, language models, data structures, operating systems and cybersecurity.
You can choose to study the general major and learn a mix of courses, or specialise in either artificial intelligence and machine learning, human-centred computing or programming languages. Industry-linked projects and courses in communication and group collaboration also provide valuable real-world experience and networking opportunities.
As an Honours student, you’ll develop a deeper and more specialised understanding of computer science topics. A fourth year thesis will give you transferable research skills and serve as a pathway to further postgraduate studies including a PhD.
Distinguish yourself in the job market and gain a competitive edge with Adelaide University. Graduates with computer science expertise can look forward to career opportunities in a range of fields from software development to healthcare, banking and defence.
Gain a deep understanding of algorithms, data structures and software development practices.Explore the ethical and legal challenges in technology.Gain proficiency in programming languages and their foundations.Collaborate in small groups on a research or industry project.Develop advanced research and technical expertise in an intensive Honours year.Explore majors in Artificial Intelligence, Human-Centred Computing or Programming Languages.The Bachelor of Computer Science covers core computer science knowledge including theories, principles, software development, technical and professional skills.
You’ll start your studies by developing a solid foundation in IT and computing courses such as problem solving and programming, IT systems, structured data and system requirements.
In second year, you can choose a major to specialise in or complete a general major.
You’ll be able to complete the majority of your first year common courses and second year courses at either our Adelaide City or Mawson Lakes Campus with some potential cross-campus study required. Throughout your degree, you’ll gain access to cutting-edge facilities across both campus locations to enhance your overall learning experience.
Through a variety of approaches to learning, you’ll develop essential critical thinking, creative thinking and problem-solving skills. As an Honours student, you’ll also be able to choose from a range of specialised electives based on areas of interest.
In third year, you’ll focus on completing a major project. In a small project team, you’ll work on an artefact for an Adelaide University client.
In your fourth and final Honours year, you’ll hone your research skills to complete an open-ended computer science thesis. You'll devise a topic and work independently and collaboratively with academics and researchers.
Once complete, you’ll be eligible to apply for professional membership with the Australian Computer Society (ACS).
Assessments tasks may include case studies, critical analysis, essays, exams, programming exercises, presentations and tests.
The Bachelor of Computer Science (Honours) is also available with majors in the following:
This degree is part of a stackable set of qualifications, meaning your study choices are flexible. If your goals shift, you can exit after one year of study with a standalone Diploma or after two years with an Associate Degree.
You can also begin your studies with a shorter qualification like the Diploma, and continue on to complete the Associate Degree (two years) or full bachelor degree.
Complete 192 units comprising:
Complete 114 units for ALL of the following:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Course name
Problem Solving and Programming
|
Course code
COMP1002
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Structured Data
|
Course code
COMP1003
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Object-Oriented Programming
|
Course code
COMP1005
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Computing Innovations in the Modern World
|
Course code
COMP1015
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP2017
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Software Development Practice
|
Course code
COMP2021
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Grand Challenges
|
Course code
COMP2040
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Information Technology Systems
|
Course code
INFO1012
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
System Requirements
|
Course code
INFO1013
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Security Foundations
|
Course code
INFO1016
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Professional Communication and Teamwork
|
Course code
INFO2032
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Foundations in Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1000
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Large Language Models and Knowledge Representation
|
Course code
COMP4001
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Distributed Ledger and Contractual Execution Languages
|
Course code
COMP4002
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Database Theory and Models
|
Course code
COMP4003
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis A
|
Course code
COMP4800
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis B
|
Course code
COMP4801
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis C
|
Course code
COMP4802
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Quantitative Methods
|
Course code
MATH4048
|
Units
6
|
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
 |
Course name
Problem Solving and Programming
|
Course code
COMP1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Structured Data
|
Course code
COMP1003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computing Innovations in the Modern World
|
Course code
COMP1015
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Information Technology Systems
|
Course code
INFO1012
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Object-Oriented Programming
|
Course code
COMP1005
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
System Requirements
|
Course code
INFO1013
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Security Foundations
|
Course code
INFO1016
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Foundations in Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1000
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Computer Systems
|
Course code
COMP2000
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Software Development Practice
|
Course code
COMP2021
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ethical and Legal Challenges in Technology
|
Course code
COMP2022
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Discrete Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1006
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Language Models, Translation and Execution
|
Course code
COMP2001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Operating Systems
|
Course code
COMP2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP2017
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Professional Communication and Teamwork
|
Course code
INFO2032
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Theory of Computation and Formal Verification
|
Course code
COMP2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Grand Challenges
|
Course code
COMP2040
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP3008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Cyber Security Application
|
Course code
INFO2007
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Distributed and Decentralised Computing
|
Course code
COMP2004
|
Units
6
|
| Year 4 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Database Theory and Models
|
Course code
COMP4003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis A
|
Course code
COMP4800
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Quantitative Methods
|
Course code
MATH4048
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Large Language Models and Knowledge Representation
|
Course code
COMP4001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Distributed Ledger and Contractual Execution Languages
|
Course code
COMP4002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis B
|
Course code
COMP4801
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis C
|
Course code
COMP4802
|
Units
6
|
Complete 54 units for ALL of the following:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Course name
Computer Systems
|
Course code
COMP2000
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Language Models, Translation and Execution
|
Course code
COMP2001
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Operating Systems
|
Course code
COMP2002
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Theory of Computation and Formal Verification
|
Course code
COMP2003
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Distributed and Decentralised Computing
|
Course code
COMP2004
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Ethical and Legal Challenges in Technology
|
Course code
COMP2022
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP3008
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Cyber Security Application
|
Course code
INFO2007
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
Discrete Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1006
|
Units
6
|
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Problem Solving and Programming
|
Course code
COMP1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Structured Data
|
Course code
COMP1003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computing Innovations in the Modern World
|
Course code
COMP1015
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Information Technology Systems
|
Course code
INFO1012
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Object-Oriented Programming
|
Course code
COMP1005
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
System Requirements
|
Course code
INFO1013
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Security Foundations
|
Course code
INFO1016
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Foundations in Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1000
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Computer Systems
|
Course code
COMP2000
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Software Development Practice
|
Course code
COMP2021
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ethical and Legal Challenges in Technology
|
Course code
COMP2022
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Discrete Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1006
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Language Models, Translation and Execution
|
Course code
COMP2001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Operating Systems
|
Course code
COMP2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP2017
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Professional Communication and Teamwork
|
Course code
INFO2032
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Theory of Computation and Formal Verification
|
Course code
COMP2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Grand Challenges
|
Course code
COMP2040
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP3008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Cyber Security Application
|
Course code
INFO2007
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Distributed and Decentralised Computing
|
Course code
COMP2004
|
Units
6
|
| Year 4 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Database Theory and Models
|
Course code
COMP4003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis A
|
Course code
COMP4800
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Quantitative Methods
|
Course code
MATH4048
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Large Language Models and Knowledge Representation
|
Course code
COMP4001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Distributed Ledger and Contractual Execution Languages
|
Course code
COMP4002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis B
|
Course code
COMP4801
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis C
|
Course code
COMP4802
|
Units
6
|
Complete one Major from the following:
| Major name | |
|---|---|
|
|
Major
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
|
|
|
Major
Human-Centred Computing
|
|
|
Major
Programming Languages
|
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Problem Solving and Programming
|
Course code
COMP1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Structured Data
|
Course code
COMP1003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computing Innovations in the Modern World
|
Course code
COMP1015
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Information Technology Systems
|
Course code
INFO1012
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Object-Oriented Programming
|
Course code
COMP1005
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
System Requirements
|
Course code
INFO1013
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Security Foundations
|
Course code
INFO1016
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Foundations in Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1000
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Computer Systems
|
Course code
COMP2000
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Software Development Practice
|
Course code
COMP2021
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ethical and Legal Challenges in Technology
|
Course code
COMP2022
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Discrete Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1006
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Language Models, Translation and Execution
|
Course code
COMP2001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Operating Systems
|
Course code
COMP2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP2017
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Professional Communication and Teamwork
|
Course code
INFO2032
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Theory of Computation and Formal Verification
|
Course code
COMP2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Grand Challenges
|
Course code
COMP2040
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP3008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Cyber Security Application
|
Course code
INFO2007
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Distributed and Decentralised Computing
|
Course code
COMP2004
|
Units
6
|
| Year 4 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Database Theory and Models
|
Course code
COMP4003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis A
|
Course code
COMP4800
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Quantitative Methods
|
Course code
MATH4048
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Large Language Models and Knowledge Representation
|
Course code
COMP4001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Distributed Ledger and Contractual Execution Languages
|
Course code
COMP4002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis B
|
Course code
COMP4801
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis C
|
Course code
COMP4802
|
Units
6
|
Complete 12 to 24 units from the following:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Course name
Intensive Computing Project
|
Course code
COMP3900
|
Units
12
|
|
|
Course name
ICT Internship 1
|
Course code
COMP4901
|
Units
6
|
|
|
Course name
ICT Internship 2
|
Course code
COMP4902
|
Units
12
|
|
|
Course name
ICT Internship 3
|
Course code
COMP4903
|
Units
18
|
|
|
Course name
ICT Internship 4
|
Course code
COMP4904
|
Units
24
|
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Problem Solving and Programming
|
Course code
COMP1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Structured Data
|
Course code
COMP1003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computing Innovations in the Modern World
|
Course code
COMP1015
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Information Technology Systems
|
Course code
INFO1012
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Object-Oriented Programming
|
Course code
COMP1005
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
System Requirements
|
Course code
INFO1013
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Security Foundations
|
Course code
INFO1016
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Foundations in Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1000
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Computer Systems
|
Course code
COMP2000
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Software Development Practice
|
Course code
COMP2021
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ethical and Legal Challenges in Technology
|
Course code
COMP2022
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Discrete Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1006
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Language Models, Translation and Execution
|
Course code
COMP2001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Operating Systems
|
Course code
COMP2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP2017
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Professional Communication and Teamwork
|
Course code
INFO2032
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Theory of Computation and Formal Verification
|
Course code
COMP2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Grand Challenges
|
Course code
COMP2040
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP3008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Cyber Security Application
|
Course code
INFO2007
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Distributed and Decentralised Computing
|
Course code
COMP2004
|
Units
6
|
| Year 4 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Database Theory and Models
|
Course code
COMP4003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis A
|
Course code
COMP4800
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Quantitative Methods
|
Course code
MATH4048
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Large Language Models and Knowledge Representation
|
Course code
COMP4001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Distributed Ledger and Contractual Execution Languages
|
Course code
COMP4002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis B
|
Course code
COMP4801
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis C
|
Course code
COMP4802
|
Units
6
|
Complete 0 to 12 units comprising:
| Course name | Course code | Units | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Problem Solving and Programming
|
Course code
COMP1002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Structured Data
|
Course code
COMP1003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computing Innovations in the Modern World
|
Course code
COMP1015
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Information Technology Systems
|
Course code
INFO1012
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Object-Oriented Programming
|
Course code
COMP1005
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
System Requirements
|
Course code
INFO1013
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Security Foundations
|
Course code
INFO1016
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Foundations in Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1000
|
Units
6
|
| Year 2 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Computer Systems
|
Course code
COMP2000
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Software Development Practice
|
Course code
COMP2021
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Ethical and Legal Challenges in Technology
|
Course code
COMP2022
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Discrete Mathematics
|
Course code
MATH1006
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Language Models, Translation and Execution
|
Course code
COMP2001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Operating Systems
|
Course code
COMP2002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP2017
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Professional Communication and Teamwork
|
Course code
INFO2032
|
Units
6
|
| Year 3 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Theory of Computation and Formal Verification
|
Course code
COMP2003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Grand Challenges
|
Course code
COMP2040
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms
|
Course code
COMP3008
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Cyber Security Application
|
Course code
INFO2007
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Distributed and Decentralised Computing
|
Course code
COMP2004
|
Units
6
|
| Year 4 | |||
| Semester 1 | |||
|
Course name
Database Theory and Models
|
Course code
COMP4003
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis A
|
Course code
COMP4800
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Quantitative Methods
|
Course code
MATH4048
|
Units
6
|
| Semester 2 | |||
|
Course name
Large Language Models and Knowledge Representation
|
Course code
COMP4001
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Distributed Ledger and Contractual Execution Languages
|
Course code
COMP4002
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis B
|
Course code
COMP4801
|
Units
6
|
|
Course name
Computer Science Thesis C
|
Course code
COMP4802
|
Units
6
|
As a graduate, you’ll possess the skills to secure employment in a range of areas that develop future-focused technology. Your advanced knowledge will ensure you're equipped for a variety of careers in the field.
These can include:
You might develop simulation software that can predict climate change impacts for urban planning and conservation efforts. You could apply computer science principles to bioinformatics and analyse genetic data to aid in important scientific gene discoveries. Or maybe you’ll work in digital forensics, alongside law enforcement, investigating digital crimes, analysing electronic evidence and intercepting cyber-criminal activities.
Your specialist skills will be highly valued in some of the world’s largest tech organisations such as IBM, Amazon and Atlassian, as well as in small-medium scale businesses where support is required. These skills are also important in sectors that incorporate tech roles into their daily practices such as agriculture, energy, marketing and finance.
An increase in investment into Australia’s tech ecosystem means the IT industry is showing significant, continued growth and success – with an estimation to be worth approximately A$167 billion in 2024 (Austrade, 2024 ). This can be attributed to trends such as digital transformation, emerging technologies and government initiatives.
A high demand for skilled workers, coupled with increased shortages, means you will graduate ready to step into the workforce. Take advantage of competitive salaries and increased adoption of technology in the businesses of tomorrow by studying with Adelaide University today.
This program is provisionally accredited at the level of Professional by the Australian Computer Society (ACS). Graduates are eligible for membership with the ACS and are recognised internationally through the Seoul Accord.
Please note that a non-refundable application fee of AUD$150 applies for every application submitted to Adelaide University.
Adelaide University sets you up for success in your studies – and your social life. You’ll have access to work placement and internship opportunities, overseas study tours and exchanges, networking events with guest speakers and more. Our campuses are equipped with purpose-built facilities including lecture theatres, libraries, workshops, laboratories, and spaces that simulate real work environments. These are all supported by the latest technologies and a 24/7 online learning platform with personalised study information and resources.
You’ll have everything you need to live well and thrive during your studies, with health services on campus, gymnasiums, technology zones and modern student lounges. Get involved in campus sport or join our student clubs that will connect you to your passions – and the people who share them.
Adelaide also has a variety of accommodation options to suit your individual requirements and budget, with options ranging from dedicated student accommodation to private rentals. One of the world’s most liveable cities, Adelaide has lots of leafy parks, gardens and social hubs – and some of the highest living standards globally. No matter where you are in Adelaide, you’re only a short distance from beaches, vineyards, museums, art galleries, restaurants, bars and parklands. Visit the accommodation web page to find out more.
Student services
We’re here to support you on your student journey. Adelaide University offers a range of support services and facilities, including:
You’ll also have unlimited access to our dedicated student support hub. Visit in-person or online, or contact our friendly team by phone. We can assist you with anything study-related including enrolment, identification cards, timetables, fees and more.
You'll be studying at one of our renowned campuses, accessing cutting-edge facilities and contemporary study spaces.
Your courses will require a combination of different learning formats, including lectures, tutorials, workshops, seminars and practicals. Aside from your classes, you’ll also need to allocate additional time for independent study. This may include assignments, readings, projects and contributing to online discussion forums. As a rough guide, full-time studies may require 12-26 hours of class time and 14-18 hours of independent study per week.
During your studies at Adelaide University, you’ll complete a mixture of practical, professional and research-based learning. Your assessment types will vary depending on the degree you’re studying, but may include:
