Engineering Solid-State Devices

The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and applied principles of solid-state physics for quantum technologies. The course starts with an introduction to quantum physics tailored for engineers and covers some of the essential mathematical tools needed for understanding quantum physics. This foundation then allows for the discussion of the physics of structures at the nanometer scale, including the symmetry of crystals, the behaviour of electrons in periodic lattices, the concept of band structures, and the quanta of lattice vibrations (the phonons). Next, several "classical" technologies stemming from the physics of semiconductors, such as PN-junctions, PNP-junctions and NPN-junctions are discussed. The significance of Complementary-Metal-Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS) technologies and the geometry of several transistors are highlighted, with an emphasis on their advantages and limitations. More complicated CMOS devices, and next-generation Coulomb Blockade devices where quantum effects start to become relevant conclude the semiconductor devices section of the course. The final set of lectures focus on the state-of-the-art industrial techniques used for semiconductor synthesis, including wafer preparation methods and semiconductor characterisation. A brief introduction to the physics of superconductors, in which current can flow without resistance, is also provided, along with a discussion of some of its technological implications. To conclude, an engaging discussion of quantum technologies using solid-state devices is undertaken and is contrasted against existing classical technologies.